Symbiosis
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Elder
Willow / CC BY 2.5

Tree·Adoxaceae

Elder

Sambucus nigra

Habitat
Woodland edge, hedgerows, disturbed ground, riparian scrub
IUCN status
LCLeast Concern
Max height
10 m

Ecological relationships

Seeds dispersed by

  • Common Blackbird
    Common BlackbirdTurdus merula

    Consumes Elder berries in large quantities in late summer and autumn; seeds pass through the gut intact and are deposited in new locations. Blackbird is one of the primary dispersers of Elder across woodland edge and hedgerow habitats.

Host of

  • Jelly Ear
    Jelly EarAuricularia auricula-judae

    The association is so strong that the fungus's folk name "Judas's Ear" refers to the Elder tree from which Judas Iscariot is said to have hanged himself. Near-obligate on Elder in practice, though occasional records exist on other hosts.

  • Poplar Fieldcap
    Poplar FieldcapCyclocybe cylindracea

    Occasionally fruits on elder trunks, a recorded secondary host.

Eaten by

  • Bohemian Waxwing
    Bohemian WaxwingBombycilla garrulus

    Feeds extensively on Elder berries during winter irruptions into western Europe, often in large flocks alongside Blackbirds and Fieldfares.

Foliage

Elder, foliage
(c) Fluff Berger, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)